Adjectives:

An adjective is a word that describes, modifies, or gives more information about a noun or pronoun. Adjectives help to specify qualities, quantities, colors, sizes, shapes, and other characteristics, enhancing the meaning of the nouns they modify.

Types of Adjectives:

1. Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives describe the qualities or characteristics of a noun.
   • Example: “The happy dog wagged its tail.”
     • Here, “happy” describes the dog’s emotional state.
2. Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives indicate the quantity of a noun.
   • Example: “She has five apples.”
     • “Five” tells us how many apples there are.
3. Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives point to specific nouns.
   • Example: “I want this sandwich.”
     • “This” specifies which sandwich is being referred to.
4. Possessive Adjectives: These adjectives show ownership or possession.
   • Example: “That is my book.”
     • “My” indicates that the book belongs to the speaker.
5. Interrogative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to ask questions about nouns.
   • Example: “Which movie do you want to see?”
     • “Which” is used to inquire about a specific movie.
6. Comparative Adjectives: These adjectives compare two nouns.
   • Example: “She is taller than her sister.”
     • “Taller” compares the height of two people.
7. Superlative Adjectives: These adjectives compare three or more nouns, indicating the highest degree.
   • Example: “He is the fastest runner in the team.”
     • “Fastest” indicates that he has the highest speed among all team members.

Examples in Sentences:

• “The bright sun shone in the sky.”
• “I need more information about the project.”
• “Her beautiful dress caught everyone’s attention.”
• “There are several options to choose from.”

Degree	Description	Example
Positive	The baseform of adjective,describing a quality withouy comparison.	She is smart.
Comparative	Compares two nouns, often formed by adding “er” or using “more”.	She is smarter than Ali.
Superlative	compartes three or more nouns, often formed by adding “est” or using “most”.	She is smartest in the class.

Adjective clause:

An adjective clause (also known as a relative clause) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in a sentence. It provides additional information about the noun, helping to specify or clarify it. Adjective clauses typically begin with relative pronouns such as “who,” “whom,” “whose,” “which,” or “that.”

Characteristics of Adjective Clauses:

1. Dependent Clause: An adjective clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it relies on an independent clause to provide context.
   • Example: “The book that I borrowed is fascinating.”
     • Here, “that I borrowed” is the adjective clause modifying “the book.”
2. Introduced by Relative Pronouns: Adjective clauses usually start with relative pronouns.
   • Examples:
     • “who” (for people): “The teacher who loves math is very popular.”
     • “which” (for things): “The car which is parked outside is mine.”
     • “that” (for people or things): “The movie that we watched was thrilling.”
3. Provides Additional Information: The clause adds descriptive detail about the noun it modifies.
   • Example: “The student who studied hard passed the exam.”
     • The clause “who studied hard” gives more information about “the student.”
4. Can Be Essential or Non-Essential:
   • Essential (Restrictive): The clause is necessary for the meaning of the sentence.
     • Example: “The cookies that are on the table are for the party.”
   • Non-Essential (Non-Restrictive): The clause adds extra information but is not necessary for understanding the sentence; it is usually set off by commas.
     • Example: “My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us.”

Example of an Adjective Clause:

• Sentence: “The car that I bought last year is red.”

Reasoning:

1. Dependent Clause: “that I bought last year” cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it depends on the main clause for context.
2. Relative Pronoun: The clause begins with “that,” which is a relative pronoun.
3. Modifies a Noun: The clause provides additional information about the noun “car,” specifying which car is being referred to.

Table:

Feature	Example from Sentence
Clause Type	Dependent clause
Introduced by	Relative pronoun (“that”)
Modifies	Noun (“car”)
Additional Information	Specifies which car is being discussed

In this example, the adjective clause enhances the sentence by clarifying which car is red.