The fundamental groupings into which words are categorized based on their roles and functions inside sentences are called parts of speech. The grammar of English has eight parts of speech:
1. Noun: An individual, location, object, or concept (teacher, school, book, love, etc.).
2. Pronoun: A term (he, she, it, they) that substitutes for a noun.
3.Verb: It conveys a state of being (is, are) or an action (run, jump).
4. Adjective: It serves to define or alter a noun or pronoun (e.g., tall, gorgeous).
5. Adverb: It changes or describes another adverb, verb, or adjective (e.g., rapidly, very).
6. Preposition: It illustrates how a noun (or pronoun) relates to other words in a sentence, such as in, on, and at.
7. Conjunction: (and, but, or): It joins words, phrases, or clauses.
8. Interjection: It conveys feeling, shock, or astonishment (e.g., wow, oh).
Parts Of Speech Definition With Examples
Noun Definition:
A noun is a name for an individual, group, object, or concept. Nouns are the fundamental sentence building pieces that are necessary for speech.
Noun Types:
1. Communal Noun
– Definition: An all-purpose term for an individual, location, or object.
– For instance, *dog, city, book*
2. Adjective
Definition: A particular name assigned to an individual, location, or object.
– For instance, *John, Coca-Cola, Paris*
3. Concrete Noun: – Definition: An actual, observable item that comes into contact with the senses.
*Table, car, apple* as an example
4. Non-specific Noun:
– Definition: Designates a concept, attribute, or condition that is not perceptible to the senses.
– For instance: *courage, love, happiness*
5. Countable Word:
Countable nouns with both singular and plural forms are defined as follows.
– For instance, *cat (plural), cats (singular)*
6. Uncountable Noun: – Definition: Nouns without a plural form that are unable to be counted separately.
For instance: *love, water, and air*
7. Collective Noun: – Definition: Noun designating a collection of people.
For instance: *family, group, or flock*
Compound nouns are defined as nouns composed of two or more words.
– For instance: *high school, swimming pool, and toothbrush*
Nouns function as subjects, objects, or complements in sentences, which is why they are so important. It is easier to recognize and employ nouns correctly in sentences when one is aware of their many forms.
Pronoun kinds and usage:Definition of a Pronoun:
A pronoun is a term that functions as a noun substitute in a sentence. Pronouns are used to break up long phrases and prevent noun repetition.
Pronoun Types:
1. Personal Pronouns:
– Definition: Make reference to certain people, locations, or objects.
– Examples: *We, they, it, he, she, and I*
2. Possessive Pronouns:
– Definition: Acknowledge possession or ownership.
*Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs* are some examples.
3. Reflexive Pronouns:
– Definition: Replicate the activity back to the sentence’s main topic.
– As an illustration, consider the following: *me, you, him, her, itself, ourselves, themselves*
4. Demonstrative Pronouns:
– Definition: Name specific individuals, locations, or objects.
Illustrations: *These, those, that, and this*
5. Interrogative Pronouns:
– Definition: A tool for querying.
*Who, whom, whose, which, what* are some examples.
6. Relative Pronouns: – Definition: Establish a relationship between independent and relative clauses.
*Who, whom, whose, which, that* are some examples.
7. Indefinite Pronouns
– Definition: Make reference to general people, places, or objects.
– Some, all, few, many, anyone, and nobody are some examples.
8. Reciprocal Pronouns:
– Definition: Define a relationship or mutual activity.
– Illustrations: *One another, each other*
In order to communicate ideas clearly and succinctly, pronouns are necessary since they prevent nouns from being used repeatedly in phrases. A thorough understanding of pronouns allows for their efficient usage in both writing and speech.
Verbs and their varieties:
:A verb is a word used to describe an event, activity, or mental state. Verbs come in several forms, such as:
- Action Verbs: These verbs depict mental or bodily movements.
Example: sprint, leap, ponder, and pen - Linking Verbs: These verbs establish a connection between a sentence’s topic and the noun or adjective that describes it.
For instance, are, feel, seem, and are. - Helping verbs, also known as auxiliary verbs, are employed in conjunction with major verbs to express different meaning nuances like mood and tense.
For instance, have, do, will, can, and might - Modal Verbs: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that convey necessity, possibility, consent, capability, or probability.
For instance, need, ought, can, will, and may - Transitive Verbs: In a sentence, these verbs accept a direct object.
Instance: She purchased a book. - Intransitive Verbs: Verbs without a direct object fall under this category.
For instance, he slumbers. - Regular Verbs: These verbs add “-ed” to the basic form to create the past tense and past participle.
For instance, walk now, walk in the past. - Irregular Verbs: These verbs do not create the past tense and past participle according to the usual pattern.
For instance, go (past), went (present).
Adjective:
An adjective is a word that adds additional details about a noun or pronoun, such as size, color, number, or quality. Adjectives can be classified into various categories according on the information they convey.
- Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives characterize a noun’s attributes.
For instance, smart, tall, and attractive - Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives express how much or how little of the noun there is.
Several, few, and so on - Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives highlight particular items or individuals.
For instance, this, that, these, those - Adjectives that Express Possession: These adjectives convey possession or ownership.
For instance: our, their, his, her, and mine.
The fifth type of adjectives are interrogative ones; they are used to pose queries regarding a noun.
For instance, which, what, whose
- Indefinite Adjectives: Non-specific nouns are described by these adjectives.
For instance, some, any, each, and all - Proper Adjectives: These adjectives often begin with a capital letter and are derived from proper nouns.
For instance, Shakespearean, Chinese, and American - Compound Adjectives: These adjectives change a noun by combining two or more words.
For instance, a well-known, brisk, blue-eyed
These are a few examples of the adjective kinds that are employed in sentences to give nouns in them additional information and detail.
Adverbs and the varieties of them:
An adverb is a term that adds details about how, when, where, or how much something is done to a verb, adjective, or other adverb in order to modify or characterize it. Adverbs come in a variety of forms according to the information they convey.
Adverbs of manner: These adverbs explain the process by which an activity is performed.
Example: swiftly, deliberately, and slowly
Adverbs of time: These adverbs describe the moment at which an action occurs or was completed.
For instance, now, right now, and shortly
3. Adverbs of place: These adverbs show where an action is taking place. For instance, everywhere, everywhere 4. Adverbs of frequency: These adverbs describe the frequency of an occurrence. Example: frequently, never, and always 5. Adverbs of degree: These adverbs describe the degree or intensity of a trait or action. For instance, extremely, too, quite Adverbs that join or relate clauses inside a phrase are called conjunctive adverbs. Example: yet, additionally, hence 7. Interrogative adverbs: These adverbs pose queries regarding the context, time, style, etc. Instance: when, where, and how 8. Relative adverbs: These adverbs describe time, place, reason, etc. and are used to introduce relative sentences. Instance: where, when, and why These are a few examples of the adverbial categories that describe how, when, where, or to what degree actions are carried out, thereby adding more details and clarity to phrases.
Preposition:
In a sentence, a preposition is a word that connects nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words. They frequently show connections between locations, times, directions, or styles. Prepositional Types: Prepositions that are simple are one-word prepositions. Examples include: with, at, by, for, in, of, and on. Sentence: The park is where she is. Prepositions created by prefixing a preposition to a noun, adjective, or adverb are known as compound prepositions. Examples: about, across, amid, beside, before, behind Sentence: Next to the lamp on the table is the book. Word groups that serve as prepositions are known as phrase prepositions. Examples include: in light of, as a result of, ahead of, and despite Sentence: It is predicted to rain today based on the weather report. Prepositions with Participles: Participles with prepositions. As an example, think about, while, and with relation to Sentence: We ought to stay inside given the weather.
Conjunction
A conjunction is a term used to join phrases, clauses, or words that are part of the same clause. Conjunction Types: Join words, phrases, or independent clauses of the same rank with coordinating conjunctions. Instances include and, but, or, not, for, so, and still. Sentence: It started to rain, so I decided against going for a walk. Joining an independent and dependent phrase together is known as subordinating a conjunction. Examples include: however, since, unless, since, and while. Sentence: Feeling under the weather, she stayed at home. Correlative Conjunctions: Conjunctional pairs that function well together. Examples include either/or, neither/or, both/and, and not only/but also Sentence: You have coffee or tea to drink.
Interjection
A word or phrase used to convey an unexpected feeling or sentiment is called an interjection. There is usually an exclamation point after it. Interjection Types: Primary Interjections: Individual words used to convey feelings. Instances: oh, wow, ouch, and hurrah Sentence: Amazing! That performance was incredible. Words that are often used as interjections but are actually other aspects of speech are known as secondary interjections. Instances: excellent, really, well Sentence: Well, that is not what I expected to happen! Mild Interjections: Usually followed by a comma, these expressions convey a modest emotion. For instance, uh, well, um Sentence: You know what I mean, I see now. For sentences to be both grammatically correct and intelligible, certain components of speech are necessary.
| Subject Pronoun | Object Pronoun | Possessive Adjective | Possessive Pronoun | Reflexive Pronoun |
| I | Me | My | Mine | Myself |
| We | Us | Our | Ours | Ourselves |
| You | You | Your | Yours | Yourself |
| He | Him | His | His | Himself |
| She | Her | Her | Her | Herself |
| It | It | Its | ——————- | Itself |
| They | Them | Their | Theirs | Themselves |